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JOINT/CARTILAGE SUPPORT
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (NAG)
CHONDROITIN SULFATE

SOURCE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside (NAG) is N-acetylated aminosugar which is typically obtained by hydrolysis of crab and shrimp shells. N-acetylglucosamine is a key structural element of hyaluronic acid and cartilage matrix proteoglycans.
CHONDROITIN SULFATE is a polysacharide consisting of alternating sulfated and/or unsulfated residues of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine. Most chondroitins are made from extracts of cartilaginous cow and pig tissues (cow trachea and pig ear and nose). Chondroitin sulfate is a key structural element of the cartilage matrix proteoglycans.

MECHANISMS OF ACTION
NAG possesses anti-inflammatory activities in vitro via inhibition of cytokine mediated activation of articular cartilage. It also demonstrates an anabolic activity and stimulates chondrocyte glucose consumption. In animals, N-acetylglucosamine protects damaged cartilage from further degradation and restores normal immune function in experimental autoimmune brain damage and autoimmune diabetes.
CHONDROITIN SULFATE almost completely degrades in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore cartilage tissue utilizes chondroitin sulfate fragments for the new synthesis of cartilage matrix. Limited data also indicate that chondroitin sulfate possesses mild anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. In animals, chondroitin sulfate demonstrates anti-arthritic activities.

HUMAN EXPERIENCE
NAG was used as a part of parenteral / inravenous nutrition in the past and was found to be safe even when administered at very high doses. Limited clinical data demonstrated that N-acetylglucosamine may benefit patients with osteoarthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
CHONDROITIN SULFATE in general is considered as a beneficial food supplement in patients with osteoarthritis. This statement is confirmed by numerous clinical trials.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
NAG and CHONDROITIN SULFATE should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.

INTERACTIONS
NAG and CHONDROITIN SULFATE should be avoided by individuals taking warfarin.

ADVERSE REACTIONS
Consumption of NAG and CHONDROITIN SULFATE very rarely associated with abdominal discomfort and diarrhea.

TOXICITY
NAG and CHONDROITIN SULFATE have excellent safety profiles.

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JOINT REVITALIZER
BOVINE COLLAGEN TYPE II
HYALURONIC ACID

SOURCE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
BOVINE COLLAGEN TYPE II is extracted from the bovine articular cartilage.
HYALURONIC ACID is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid. Hyaluronic acid is typically extracted from the rooster combs.

MECHANISMS OF ACTION
BOVINE COLLAGEN TYPE II almost completely degrades in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore cartilage tissue utilizes bovine collagen II amino acids for the new synthesis of the cartilage matrix collagen. Limited data also indicate that oral administration of bovine collagen type II can induce immunologic tolerance / unresponsiveness and therefore protect cartilage from autoimmune damage.
HYALURONIC ACID also almost completely degrades in the gastrointestinal tract. Respectively, cartilage tissue and synovium utilizes hyaluronic monosacharides for the new synthesis of synovial fluid and cartilage matrix. Experiments in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that high molecular weight hyaluronic acid possesses anti-inflammatory activity, protects cartilage from degradation and improves joint mechanics.

HUMAN EXPERIENCE
Limited clinical data reveal that oral administration of BOVINE COLLAGEN TYPE II may benefit certain patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Pilot clinical trials demonstrate that oral administration of HYALURONIC ACID may benefit patients with osteoarthritis.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
BOVINE COLLAGEN TYPE II and HYALURONIC ACID should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.

INTERACTIONS
No significant drug interactions with BOVINE COLLAGEN TYPE II and HYALURONIC ACID have been described.

ADVERSE REACTIONS
No major adverse reactions were described in patients consuming BOVINE COLLAGEN TYPE II and HYALURONIC ACID.

TOXICITY
BOVINE COLLAGEN TYPE II and HYALURONIC ACID have excellent safety profiles.

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STIFFNESS FORMULA
ROSE HIP EXTRACT

SOURCE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
ROSE HIP EXTRACT is a highly concentrated extracts from the rose plant fruits (typically, Rosa canina). It contains vitamins A,C, D and E, essential fatty acids, proanthocyanidin glycosides and bioflavonoids.

MECHANISMS OF ACTION
ROSE HIP EXTRACT possesses anti-inflammatory activities in vitro via inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and inhibition of neutrophil activation. It also has a measurable antioxidant activity.

HUMAN EXPERIENCE
Limited clinical trials demonstrated that ROSE HIP EXTRACT may benefit patients with osteoarthritis and chronic low back pain.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
ROSE HIP EXTRACT should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.

INTERACTIONS
No significant drug interactions with ROSE HIP EXTRACT have been described.

ADVERSE REACTIONS
No major adverse reactions were described in patients consuming ROSE HIP EXTRACT.

TOXICITY
ROSE HIP EXTRACT has an excellent safety profile.

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